The present study deals multidisciplinary with the evolution of one of the ethnic groups on the territory of Romania today, the Roma. It deals with the history and evolution of this community with an emphasis on the area of Neamt and Romanu, but also presents elements of demography, sociology, anthropology, traditions and elements of Romanian culture.

It must be said from the outset that the term "Gypsy" it is considered pejorative by their organizations, being today offensive. The term Rrom or Roma is used, which appeared in the Romanian space in the interwar period with the birth of the organizations of this ethnicity. I have used both terms, both Gypsy and Roma, as they were used in the analyzed historical periods, without offending anyone.

In the present study, we focused more on the history of this community in the area of Neamt and Romanian according to the geographical area covered by this project. Even though a lot has been written recently about the Gypsies (Rroma), being a "fashionable" topic, quite a bit is known about this ethnic group, especially about their history.

In order to carry out office research, 2 stages were carried out: the commenting stage, through which the collection of information dealing with the history of the Roma, their traditions and customs, culinary art, clothing, traditional music and dances, traditional crafts and occupations was pursued, respectively, the stage of processing and interpreting the information.

During the first stage, information was collected taking into account the aspects listed above. The documentation meant consulting a substantial bibliography in the book collection of the Târgu-Neamț city library and the "GT Kirileanu" Piatra Neamț County Library. Also, this stage included the consultation of document collections such as: Moldovan documents before Stephen the Great, Documenta Romaniae Historica (DRH) A. Moldova, Documents on the history of Romania (DIR), A. Moldova, Moldovan Acts from the years 1426-1502, (editor DP Bogdan), Documents regarding the deportation of Gypsies to Transnistria (editor Viorel Achim), Ethnocultural Minorities. Documentary testimonies (ed. Lucian Nastasă, Andrei Varga) and Transcripts of the meetings of the Council of Ministers. The government of Ion Antonescu.

The press was also consulted, the "Timpul" newspaper from the interwar period and the "Official Bulletin of Moldova".

Archival research was also not neglected, in this sense the funds from the Bucharest Central National Historical Archives were studied, such as: General Directorate of Police (DGP), General Inspectorate of Gendarmerie (IGJ) and Ministry of the Interior. The rural-communal division, but also of the library for consulting document collections such as: Documenta Romaniae Historica (DRH) A. Moldova,  Documents regarding the history of Romania (DIR), Ah, Moldova . At the same time, a rich specialized literature published both before 1989 and after 1990 was consulted.

After the documentation, the processing and interpretation of information regarding the history of the community, traditions, customs, traditional occupations, Roma cuisine, port, music and their dances followed, in particular, emphasizing the evolution of the community in the current historical-geographical space of Neamț county.

This resulted in a study whose main motivation is to know and to provide knowledge, for a more complete, accurate and objective picture of everything that the history, culture and traditions of the Roma mean. We think we have succeeded, and it remains for you to discover and appreciate it.

An important aspect was the identification of photographs that illustrate the historical evolution of the Roma, including their occupations and traditions. More than 100 photos, mostly postcards from the period 1900-1950, were identified on various consulted websites (https://imagoromaniae.ro and https://www.europeana.eu). From these, the most representative ones were selected for the aspects subject to the research of our study.

The materials consulted in order to carry out the study can be grouped as follows:

Archival sources

ANIC, General Directorate of Police (DGP) fund.
ANIC, fund General Inspectorate of the Gendarmerie (IGJ).
ANIC, Ministry of the Interior fund. The rural-communal division.

Edited documents

Achim, Venera, Tomi, Raluca (editors), Archival documents on the slavery of Gypsies. Epoch
emancipation, Publishing House of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 2010.
Achim, Viorel, Documents regarding the deportation of Gypsies to Transnistria, vol. I, Bucharest, Publishing House
Encyclopedia, 2004.
Bogdan, DP, Moldavian documents from the years 1426-1502, Bucharest, 1947.
Bogdan, I., The documents of Stephen the Great, vol. I., Bucharest, Socec, 1913.
Bulat, Toma C., The documents of the Văratec monastery, Chisinau, 1939.
Costăchescu, M., Moldavian documents before Stephen the Great, vol. II, Iasi, Viața Românească Publishing House, 1932.
Documenta Romaniae Historica (DRH) A. Moldova, I (1384-1448), Bucharest, RSR Academy Publishing House, 1975.
Documenta Romaniae Historica DRH. Series A. Moldova. Vol. II (1449–1486), Bucharest, RSR Academy Publishing House, 1976.
Documenta Romaniae Historica (DRH) A Moldova, XII, Bucharest, Bucharest, RSR Academy Publishing House, 1974.
Documents regarding the history of Romania (DIR), A. Moldova, XIV-XV century, vol. I (1384-1475), Bucharest, RPR Academy Publishing House, 1954.
Documents on the history of Romania (DIR), A. Moldova, XV century, vol. II (1476-1500), Bucharest, RPR Academy Publishing House, 1954.
Documents on the history of Romania (DIR), A, Moldova, XVI century, vol. 1, (1501-1550), Bucharest, RPR Academy Publishing House, 1953.
Documents regarding the history of Romania (DIR), A, Moldova, XVI/2 (1551-1570), Bucharest, RPR Academy Publishing House, 1951.
Documents on the history of Romania (DIR), A, Moldova, XVI/3 (1571-1590), Bucharest, RPR Academy Publishing House, 1951.
Documents on the history of Romania (DIR), A, Moldova, XVI/4 (1591-1600), Bucharest, RPR Academy Publishing House, 1952.
Documents regarding the history of Romania (DIR), A, Moldova, XVII century, vol. II (1606-1610), Bucharest, RPR Academy Publishing House, 1953.
Documents regarding the history of Romania (DIR), A, Moldova, XVII century, vol. III (1611-1615), Bucharest, RPR Academy Publishing House, 1954.
Documents on the history of Romania (DIR), A, Moldova, XVII century, vol. IV (1616-1620), Bucharest, RPR Academy Publishing House, 1956.
Documents regarding the deportation of Gypsies to Transnistria. Compiled collection, with Introductory Study by Viorel Achim. 2 vols., Bucharest, Enciclopedic Publishing House, 2004.
Furtună, Adrian Nicolae (coord.), O Samudaripen. The Roma Holocaust in Romania. Deportation of Roma in Transnistria testimonies - documents, Bucharest, 2016.
Iorga, Nicolae, Studies and documents, vol. V, Bucharest, Socec Publishing House, 1903.
The administrative manual of the Principality of Moldova comprehensive of the laws and provisions introduced in the country from 1832 to 1855, vol. II, Iasi, 1856.
Ethnocultural minorities. Documentary testimonies / Vol. 2: Gypsies from Romania (1919-1944), ed.
Lucian Nastasă, Andrei Varga, Cluj-Napoca, Diversity Resource Center Foundation
Ethnocultural from Romania, 2001.
The general census of the population of Romania from 29 December 1930, II (Nation, mother tongue, religion), Bucharest, 1938.
Transcripts of the meetings of the Council of Ministers. The government of Ion Antonescu, vol. II, ed. Marcel Dumitru Ciucă, Aurelian Teodorescu, Bogdan Florin Popovici, Bucharest, National Archives of Romania, 1998.
Udișteanu, Dionisie I., Secu Monastery. Documentary evidence collected from the State Archives Bucharest, Bucharest, Cernica-Ilfov Publishing House, 1941.

Periodicals
"Official Bulletin", 1856
"Time", 1933, 1937

General studies

Colson, F., De l'etat present et de l'avenir des principautes de Moldavia et de la Wallachia, Paris, 1839.
D'Hauterive, Al., Memoir on the old and current state of Moldova, Bucharest, Institute of Graphic Arts "Carol Gobl", 1902.
Dimitriu, Radu, The German Depression. Study of human geography, Iasi, UAIC Publishing House, 2007.
Djuvara, Neagu, Between East and West. The Romanian countries at the beginning of the modern era, Bucharest, Humanitas Publishing House, 2008.
Georgescu, Al., Sechelarie, O., The princely court in Wallachia and Moldova (1611-1831), Bucharest, Publishing House of the Academy of the Socialist Republic of Romania, 1981.
Giurescu, CC, Moldavian fairs, cities and fortresses from the 10th century to the middle of the century
the sixteenth, Bucharest, Encyclopedic Publishing House, 1997.
Grigoras, Nicolae, Feudal institutions in Moldova. State organization until the middle of the century
the eighteenth, Bucharest, Academy Publishing House, 1971.
The history of Romanian law, vol. I, responsible for the volume Vladimir Hanga, Bucharest, Publishing House of the RSR Academy, 1980.
The history of Romanian law, vol. II/1, Bucharest, RSR Academy Publishing House 1984.
History of the city of Roman. 1392-1992, Imprimeria "Bacovia", Bacău, 1992.
Kogalniceanu, Mihail, Works, ed. A. Vinegar, Bucharest, 1946.
Kogălniceanu, Mihail, Sketch about gypsies, Iasi, Dacia Printing House, 1900.
William of Kotzebue, From Moldova, Iasi, 1944.
Grisellini, Br., The history of Banat Timişan, Bucharest, 1926.
Hope, John, From the old Romanian law, Bucharest, 1898.
Pascu, Stefan, Population and society, vol. 1, Dacia Publishing House, Cluj, 1972.
Sion, G., Contemporary souvenirs, vol. II, Bucharest, 1973.
Suțu, Nicolae, Statistical information on Moldova, in Economic Works, Bucharest, 1957.
Şendrea, Eugene, History for everyone, Bacău, Vicovia Publishing House, 2014.
Zaharia, Gheorghe, Antifascist resistance pages in Romania, trans. Maurice Florescu,
Bucharest, Meridiane, 1974

Special studies

Achim, Viorel, Gypsies in the history of Romania, Bucharest, Encyclopedic Publishing House, 1998.
Block, M., Moeurs et coutumes de tsiganes, Paris, Payot, 1936.
Chelcea, I., Gypsies from Romania. Ethnographic monograph, Central Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, 1944.
Cora, G., Die Gypsy, Turin, 1895.
Constantinescu, Barbu, Gypsy songs, ed. Julieta Rotaru, Bucharest, Romanian Literature Museum Publishing House 2016.
Diaconu, Daniel, Costachie, Silviu, The Roma (Gypsies) from Romania. Historical-geographical approach, Bucharest, University Publishing House, 2011.
Galbău, Ionela, The geodemographic peculiarities of the Roma population in northern Moldova (doctoral thesis, abstract), Suceava, 2019.
Grigore Delia, Anthropology and Folklore Course: Introduction to the Study of Traditional Culture Elements of Contemporary Identity, Credis, Bucharest, 2001.
Gregory, Delia, Educational rromanipen, Bucharest 2008.
Grigore, Delia, Sarau, Gheorghe, Romani history and traditions, Bucharest, Save the Children Publishing House, 2006.
Lecca, OG, History of the Gypsies, Caransebeș, 1898.
Munteanu, Valentin, Culinary art in Roma culture, Bucharest, Publishing House of the National Center of
Culture of Roma "Romano Kher", Bucharest, 2017.
Nastasă-Matei, Irina (coord.), Roma from Romania: Identity and Otherness, Cluj-Napoca, Școala Ardeleană Publishing House, 2016.
Petcuț, Petre, The Roma. Slavery and freedom, Bucharest, National Center for Roma Culture, 2016.
Petcuț, Petre, Grigore, Delia, History and traditions of the Roma, Bucharest, RoMedia Publishing House, 2003.
Potra, George, Contributions to the history of Gypsies in Romania, Bucharest, 1939.
Potra, George, Contributions to the history of the Gypsies in Romania, Bucharest, 2002.
Final Report, International Commission for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania (CISHR), Iasi, Polirom Publishing House, 2007.
Sarau, Gheorghe, The history of the study of the Romani language and the schooling of the Romani in Romania (1990–2012), Cluj Napoca, Institute for the Study of the Problems of National Minorities, 2013.

Sarau, Gheorghe, Radu, Elena, The school mediator's guide, Bucharest, Vanemonde Publishing House, 2011.

Scurtulencu, Boris Th., The juridical-economic situation of the Gypsies in the Romanian Principalities, Iasi, Albina Rânească.

Şerboianu, P, Les Tsiganes: Histoire, Ethnographie, Linguistique Grammaire-Dictionaire, Paris, Payot, 1930,

Traditions of the Roma from the Romanian space, Bucharest, 2004.

Articles in volumes

Achim, Viorel, Deportation of Gypsies to Transnistria, in the "Yearbook of the Romanian Institute of Recent History. About the holocaust and communism", Vol. I, Iasi, Polirom Publishing House, 2002.

Achim, Viorel, The attempt of the Romanian Roma to obtain the status of cohabiting nationality (1948–1949), in "Historical Magazine", year XXI, 2010, no. 5–6.

Achim, Viorel, The Gypsies in the Romanian Principalities: The emancipation laws, 1831-1856, in "Historical Yearbook", vol. I, 2004.

Bataillard, P., Nouvelle recherches sur l'apparition et la dispersion des bohémiens en Europe, in "Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes", vol. XI, no.1, 1850.

Beltea, Vasile, Roma peoples and their way of life, in "Romanian Sociology", no. 2-3/1994.

Chicanci, Olga, Aspects of the life of slaves at Secul Monastery in the 17th-18th centuries, in "History Studies and Articles", X, 1967.

Clit, Costin, Documents regarding the history of the Vovidenia Hermitage from Neamtţu Land (1750-1846), in "Annals of Vasile Conta Târgu-Neamț High School, history series, no. 2/2021.

Constantin, Florina Manuela, Gypsy slaves from Wallachia in justice: customs and postures legal. Case study (the charter of June 21, 1637), in "Revista de istorie", XVIII (2007), no. 1-2.

Constantin, Florina Manuela, Slavery in Romanian rules of the 17th century. Straightening the Law (1652), in "History Magazine", XX (2009), no. 1-2.

Grigoras, Nicolae, Slavery in Moldova (From the foundation of the state to the middle of the 18th century), I, in AIIAI, IV (1967); II, in V (1968).

Merfea, Mihai, Regarding the origin and history of Gypsies/Roma, in "Social Research Magazine", 4/1994.

Plato, Gh., Regarding the evolution of the feudal reserve in Moldova from the end of the 18th century until the rural law of 1864, in "Studies and Articles of History", V, 1963.

G. Platon, The population of the Moldavian city in the middle of the 19th century, in "Carpica", III, 1970.

Potra, George, About the princely, monastic and boyar gypsies, in "Revista Istorică Română", year V-VI 1935/1936.

Potra, George, The princely, boyar and monastic gypsies, in the "Romanian Historical Review", V-VI, 1935-1936.

Gypsies from Romania, in "National Geographic", Romania, November 2006.

Articles in volumes

Daniel Diaaconu, Silviu Costachie, Roma from Romania in the interwar period. Sociodemographic aspects and organizational developments, in vol. Political parties and national minorities in Romania in the 20th century, coord. Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu, Sibiu, Techno Media, 2010.

Gonța, Al., Research on the slavery of Gypsies in Moldova in the 14th-16th centuries, in "Robia

of Gypsies in the Romanian countries: Moldova: Roma from Romania: studies and historical documents", Bucharest, Publishing House of the Roma Center for Public Policy "Aven amentza", 2000.

Negruti-Munteanu, Ecaterina, New data on the demographic structure of fairs and cities Moldavian in 1832, in Vol. Population and Society, Vol. I, coord. Stefan Pascu, Cluj Napoca,

Dacia Publishing House, 1972, annex III.

Strihan, Petre, Șotropa, Valeriu, Stoicescu, Nicolae, Rob. bondage GYPSIES, in vol. Feudal Institutions from the Romanian Countries. Dictionary, coordinators Ovid Sachelarie and Nicolae Stoicescu, Bucharest, RSR Academy Publishing House, 1988.

Webography

Gregory, Delia, Rromani education and ethno-culture,

https://www.oportunitatiegale.ro/pdf_files/Etno_cultura.pdf

Pons, E., From slavery to assimilation (abstract), 1995,

(http://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/cim_pdf450.pdf.

https://ro.scribd.com/document/86557561/ORIGINILE-%C5%A2IGANILOR

https://militiaspirituala.ro/fileadmin/documente/doc.pdf.poze.documente_inedite/tiganiada-_1977.pdf

https://militiaspirituala.ro/fileadmin/documente/doc.pdf.poze.documente_inedite/tiganiada-_1978.pdf
https://mesagerulneamt.ro/2019/09/sa-ne-cunoastem-judetul-vanatori-neamt-comuna-cu-44-dealtare-si-tigani-din-anul-1435/
https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rpl-2011/rezultate-2011/

Final results of the 2011 Census: “Tab8. Stable population by ethnicity - counties, municipalities, cities, communes". National Institute of Statistics in Romania, July 2013
https://mereualaturi.ethnicmarket.ro/2017/11/19/bucataria-romilor/

photo sources: delcampe.net, digitool, sites.google.com, vechiul-regat.blogspot.com, facebook.com/groups/980649841987238, facebook.com/groups/980649841987238, flickr.com/photos/90381424@N02, vocearomilor .US